Screen Design: Mandy Gilbert: PCCAL International.
Programmed by : Ala Khyat, PCCAL International.

The primary objective of this package is to teach the basic principles of pharmacokinetics through computer simulations. Simulation of the plasma concentration-time profile is a valuable tool to understand the basic pharmokinetic principles and to appreciate the interplay of various pharmokinetic parameters. The program allows the student to evaluate the impact of changing one or more of then pharmokinetic parameters on the concentration-time profile of the drug.

The program covers: iv bolus and oral drug administration; constant rate and intermittent iv infusions; single and multiple drug administration; linear and non-linear drug elimination; one- and two-compartment pharmokinetic models.

A screen from one of the simulation activity modules.

2 Simulation Examples

Single Oral Dose Multiple Oral Dose IV Infusion

Nonlinear Eliminaton Two Compartment Model

3 Simulations

1 Introduction to Pharmokinetic Parameters Elimination Rate Constant (k) Volume of Distribution (Vd) Half Life (t1/2) Total Body Clearance (TBC)

Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve Bioavailability (F) First-Order Absorption Rate Constant (ka) Dose (D)

2 IV Bolus Administration

One Compartment Model: Single Dose Multiple Doses Loading Dose and Multiple Doses

Two Compartment Model: Single Dose Multiple Doses Loading Dose and Multiple Doses

3 Oral Administration

Single Dose Multiple Doses Loading Dose and Multiple Doses

Two Compartment Model: Single Dose Multiple Doses Loading dose and Multiple Doses

4 Multiple Administration

One Compartment Model: Multiple IV Doses Multiple Oral Doses

Two Compartment Model: Multiple IV Doses Multiple Oral Doses Multiple IV Doses and MM Elimination Multiple Oral Doses and MM Elimination

5 Constant Rate IV Infusion

One Compartment Model: IV Infusion Loading Dose and Iv Infusion

Two Compartment Model: IV Infusion Loading Dose and IV Infusion

6 Intermittent IV Infusion

One Compartment Model: Single IV Infusion Multiple Short IV Infusions Loading Dose and Multiple IV Infusions

Two Compartment Model: Single IV Infusion Multiple Short IV Infusions Loading Dose and Multiple IV Infusion

7 Multiple Compartments

Two Compartment Model: Single IV Dose Multiple IV Doses Single Oral Dose Multiple Oral Doses IV Infusion Loading Dose and IV Infusion Single IV Dose -

Central and Peripheral Profiles Multiple IV Doses - Central and Peripheral Profiles

8 Nonlinear Elimination

Single IV Dose - Nonlinear Elimination Multiple IV Doses - Nonlinear Elimination Single Oral Dose - Nonlinear Elimination

Multiple Oral Doses - Nonlinear Elimination MM Elimination In Presence of a Competitive Inhibitor

Each of the simulation activities covers the following:

1 The pharmacokinetic model.
2 The simulation plotted on a linear scale.
3 The simulation plotted on a semilog scale.

Hardware and Software Requirements Windows Version The package is supplied on a CD-ROM Installation Disc and can be installed to a local hard disc or network drive. The minimum requirement is a PC with 100MHz Pentium processor , 8Mb of RAM and a VGA monitor capable of displaying 16-bit color (65, 536 colors) at 640 x 480 resolution. The program is 32-bit and is compatible with Windows 95, 98 and NT. Web Version The package is supplied on a CD-ROM Installation Disc for installation to a web server. The software runs on PC clients only. The minimum requirement is a 200MHz Pentium processor with 32Mb of RAM and a Super VGA monitor capable of displaying 16-bit color (65,536 colors) at 800 x 600 resolution. The program is compatible with both Netscape Navigator 4.x and Internet Explorer 4 or better and requires Java and Javascript to be enabled on browsers.